As Egyptians lined up outside polls Tuesday for a contentious and largely symbolic vote on a constitutional referendum, deadly clashes with police underscored the strong-arm tactics of the current regime which many say undermine any show of democracy.
The Muslim Brotherhood, whose members largely supported ousted President Mohamed Morsi, called to boycott the elections after being branded a “terrorist organization” and expelled from political circles in late December.
Brotherhood supporters staged protests in at least four cities Tuesday and, according to Egypt’s Health Ministry, 11 protesters were killed and an additional 28 were wounded in clashes with security forces. The ministry says the deaths occurred in Cairo, the adjacent province of Giza and two provinces south of the capital, Bani Suef and Sohag, Al Jazeera reports.
Sixty-five additional protesters were arrested after allegedly attempting to obstruct voting.
For Egyptian voters the symbolism of the vote has largely out shown the contents of the referendum. As the Guardian’s Patrick Kingsley reported from Cairo:
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The draft constitution deletes much of the Islamic language written into law under Morsi’s rule. However, opponents highlight certain clauses which they say allow for civilians to be tried in army courts, curb workers’ rights and limit religious freedoms to members of the three Abrahamic religions.
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